Understanding Iliopsoas Muscle Injury In Dogs

Understanding iliopsoas muscle injury in dogs is key for any owner of a very active dog. The iliopsoas (pronounced: ilio-so-as) muscle functions to flex the hip, essential for everyday movements of the hindlimbs. Injuries to this muscle, such as strains or tears can lead to lameness, pain in the groin area, and decreased hindlimb mobility. Recognizing these signs early and seeking prompt veterinary attention, including specialized rehabilitation therapy, is essential for effective recovery and prevention of further complications like re-injury.

Anatomy of the iliopsoas muscle in dogs

The iliopsoas muscle in dogs is a fusion of two distinct muscles: the psoas and the iliacus. These muscles originate from the lower section of the spine and the wing of the pelvis, extends and attaches to a bony projection known as the lesser trochanter, located on the inside of the upper thigh bone or femur.

The primary function of the iliopsoas muscle is hip flexion, which essentially means bringing the hind leg forward. Additionally, it also aids in the flexion of the lower spine and contributes to stabilizing the body's core.

Causes of iliopsoas muscle injury in dogs

Iliopsoas strain in dogs commonly results from high-intensity activities, especially in athletic or highly active breeds. This type of injury can also occur in dogs that are usually less active but suddenly engage in intense exercise.

Important information about the causes:

1. Intensive athletic activity: Dogs involved in rigorous sports or activities like agility training are at a higher risk. The demanding movements can place a lot of stress on the iliopsoas muscle, leading to injury.
2. Sudden intense exercise: For dogs that are not regularly active, a sudden burst of intense exercise can be a shock to their system. This sudden change can strain the iliopsoas muscle, causing injury.
3. Repetitive strain and fatigue: Chronic cases of iliopsoas injuries are often linked to ongoing strain and muscle fatigue. This is especially true for dogs that engage in the same types of movements repeatedly without adequate rest.

In addition to the causes, there are important risk factors that you should be aware of. These include lack of flexibility, insufficient core strength, not warming up properly before exercise, muscle fatigue, and overall poor conditioning.

Additionally, it's not uncommon to find iliopsoas strains in dogs that have additional orthopedic issues or have recently undergone surgical treatment for another orthopedic condition, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture.

How common are iliopsoas injuries in dogs?

A study of thousands of agility dogs showed that almost half had a serious injury, and injuries to the iliopsoas muscle were the second most common after shoulder injuries. Dogs that do sports (like agility and fly ball), work, or hunt are more likely to get these injuries. Additionally, large-breed dogs are more likely to be affected.

What are the symptoms of iliopsoas muscle injury?

The most common symptom of iliopsoas muscle injury in dogs is lameness or limping in the hindlimb. Generally, the onset of lameness is abrupt, usually following a strenuous physical activity or sudden fall. In some cases, lameness may also be chronic resulting in long-term hindlimb weakness of the affected leg.

Here is a list of common symptoms to watch out for:

If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to see your veterinarian as soon as possible. Delaying treatment can lead to further complications and prolong the recovery process.

How does your veterinarian diagnose iliopsoas muscle injuries?

To obtain a diagnosis, we often rely on key physical examination changes. For example, dogs with this injury will exhibit pain when the insertion point of the iliopsoas tendon on the lesser trochanter of the femur is palpated. This is a sensitive area that can indicate an injury to the iliopsoas muscle.

Additionally, discomfort is often noticeable when the affected hip is simultaneously internally rotated and extended. This specific movement of hip extension and internal rotation can exacerbate the pain associated with an iliopsoas injury.

Lastly, along with the iliopsoas muscle itself, there may also be pain in the lumbar hypaxial muscles, which are located in the lower back area.

To confirm the diagnosis, we often use ultrasound to scan and assess the iliopsoas muscle and tendon. Advanced imaging such as CT and MRI are available, although they are not commonly performed because we often obtain a diagnosis through physical examination and ultrasound.

What are the differential diagnoses?

There are several conditions that can present similar symptoms to an iliopsoas muscle injury in dogs. These include:

• Hip dysplasia: a common condition where the hip joint is malformed, causing pain and discomfort.
• Osteoarthritis: a degenerative joint disease that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
• Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD): a spinal condition that can result in pain, weakness, and neurological deficits.
• Ruptured cruciate ligament: a very common knee injury in dogs that can cause hindlimb lameness.

How are iliopsoas injuries treated?

When it comes to treatment, a conservative approach is often sufficient for healing and returning your pet to its normal function. Here's a breakdown of the typical treatment protocol:

1. Rest and restricted activity: The first and most crucial step is to stop all athletic activities and provide ample rest. This means limiting your dog's movements to prevent further strain on the injured muscle. Rest is essential for the initial healing process.
2. Topical cold therapy: In the first 72 hours following an acute injury, applying cold therapy can be beneficial. This helps in reducing inflammation and providing pain relief. It's a simple yet effective way to manage immediate symptoms post-injury.
3. Pain management: Administering analgesics, particularly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), is critical. These medications help control pain and reduce inflammation, making your dog more comfortable during the recovery process.
4. Muscle relaxants: In some cases, your veterinarian may prescribe muscle relaxants like methocarbamol. These are especially helpful in reducing painful muscle spasms, which are common in iliopsoas injuries.

It's important to follow your veterinary professional's advice and adhere to the prescribed treatment plan closely. Each dog's recovery process will vary, and adjustments to the treatment may be needed based on your pet's response.

Remember, the goal is to manage pain, reduce inflammation, and allow the muscle to heal properly, paving the way for a full return to normal activities.

Is surgery ever needed?

Surgery to release and reattach the tendon, known as tenomyectomy, and tenotomy, has been done successfully in dogs with repeated or long-term injuries. However, these surgeries are not often required.

Benefits of physiotherapy and rehabilitation

Physiotherapy and rehabilitation play an important role in the healing process of an iliopsoas muscle strain in dogs, especially once the acute phase of the injury has passed and the pain is under control. Here's how these therapies can benefit:

• Heat therapy: Applying heat helps relax the muscles, increasing blood flow to the injured area, and preparing the muscles for exercises and stretching.
• Rehabilitation exercises: Exercises such as stretching and passive range of motion for hip flexion and extension are integral to the recovery process. Stretching, aiming to extend the hip for 30-60 seconds, should be performed three times daily, with 2-5 repetitions each time. These exercises help in maintaining flexibility, reducing stiffness, and preventing the development of chronic iliopsoas fibrosis.
• Massage: Massage therapy can significantly aid in the healing process. It helps in relieving muscle tension, improving circulation, and reducing the risk of scar tissue formation.
• Therapeutic ultrasound and laser therapy: The use of therapeutic ultrasound and low-dose laser therapy can be beneficial. These therapies promote deep tissue healing, reduce inflammation, and speed up the recovery process.
• Core strength enhancement: Building and maintaining core strength is essential for recovery and prevention of future injuries. Activities like hill walking are excellent for strengthening the supportive pelvic musculature and enhancing overall stability and mobility.

How can iliopsoas muscle tears and injuries be prevented?

Engaging in appropriate stretching and warm-up exercises before engaging in strenuous activities significantly lowers the risk of injury and reinjury. Additionally, enhancing core strength provides further benefits.

In closing, iliopsoas muscle injury in dogs, though common, is often overlooked. Early detection and timely intervention are the keys to a successful recovery. Always consult with your veterinarian or a certified canine rehabilitation practitioner if you suspect your dog may be suffering from an iliopsoas injury.

In closing, iliopsoas muscle injury in dogs, though common, is often overlooked. Early detection and timely intervention are the keys to a successful recovery. Always consult with your veterinarian or a certified canine rehabilitation practitioner if you suspect your dog may be suffering from an iliopsoas injury.