If your dog seems uncomfortable, hasn't had a bowel movement in a couple of days, or you notice your dog straining to poop, they might be experiencing constipation. This guide will help you recognize the signs, understand the causes, and learn how to provide relief for dog constipation. Whether your dog may simply need a diet change, more hydration, or a trip to the vet, we'll cover everything you need to know about constipation in dogs.

What is constipation in dogs?

By definition, dog constipation refers to the infrequent or difficult passing of hard, dry stool. In a healthy digestive tract, the stool moves seamlessly, but during constipation, the process slows down or halts, causing discomfort.

Many owners will call us with the concern that their dog is straining to poop. They might strain without success or pass only small amounts of hard, dry stool.

What are the normal functions of a dog's colon?

The colon is an important part of the body. It helps absorb water and electrolytes from the food and water dogs consume. The colon also stores waste before it leaves the body.

The beginning and middle parts of the colon are where most of the water and electrolyte absorption happens, while the final part of the colon is responsible for storing waste as stool.

Additionally, the colon is home to many helpful bacteria that aid in digestion and waste elimination. The lining of the colon contains specialized cells that release mucus to make it easier for stool to pass through.

What are the causes of constipation in dogs?

Constipation in dogs can stem from a variety of causes, some simple and others more complex, affecting the passage of feces through the colon. Understanding these causes can help in effectively treating and preventing constipation.

 The following can cause constipation:

  • Dehydration: Not drinking enough water can lead to hard, dry stool that is difficult to pass.
  • Lack of fiber in the diet: Fiber helps add bulk and moisture to the stool, making it easier to pass. A lack of fiber in a dog's diet can contribute to constipation.
  • Lack of exercise: Regular physical activity promotes healthy bowel movements. Dogs that are not active may be more prone to constipation.
  • Ingesting foreign objects: If a dog accidentally ingests an object, it can get stuck in the colon and cause difficulty passing stool.
  • Medications: Some medications, such as painkillers or antihistamines, can have constipation as a side effect.
  • Underlying medical conditions: Constipation can also be a symptom of more serious health issues, such as intestinal blockages, tumors, or neurological disorders.
  • Musculoskeletal issues: Diseases like osteoarthritis can cause pain or weakness, hindering a dog's ability to defecate.
  • Obesity: Overweight dogs often struggle with digestive issues, including constipation.
  • Behavioral factors: Stress or anxiety from changes in the environment, such as traveling or thunderstorms, can disrupt a dog's normal bowel habits.
  • Age: As dogs get older, their digestive systems may slow down, making them more susceptible to constipation.

Why is dog constipation a concern?

Constipation in dogs is more than just discomfort; it can lead to serious health issues if not addressed. When stool stays in the body for too long without being passed, it becomes extremely dry and hard. This not only makes it even more difficult for your dog to have a bowel movement but also increases the risk of blocking the colon and rectum.

The hard stool can harm the lining of the colon, causing fluid to leak around the stool and leading to further fluid loss. Constipation can also result in the absorption of harmful substances from the intestines. If these substances aren't properly neutralized by the liver or eliminated from the body, they can cause loss of appetite, weakness, vomiting, and other signs of illness.

Initially, the body might try to move the stool by increasing muscle contractions in the intestines. However, if constipation continues, these muscles can weaken due to being overstretched. This muscle weakening can make constipation even worse, turning it into a concerning cycle that needs veterinary intervention to break.

In some cases, constipation can lead to obstipation which is a very serious condition. It occurs when the colon becomes so stretched and dilated with feces that it can no longer contract to move stool through.

golden retriever dog

What are the signs of constipation in dogs?

Recognizing the signs that your dog is constipated is essential for timely and effective care. Here’s what to watch for:

  • Infrequent or no bowel movements: If your dog hasn’t had a bowel movement in more than two days, it’s a clear sign something’s not right.
  • Straining to poop: You might see your dog straining a lot in the attempt to defecate, often without success, or only passing a small amount of liquid.
  • Hard, dry stool: When your dog does manage to pass stool, check if it's hard and dry, which is typical in constipation.
  • Changes in behavior: A constipated dog might seem less active, show less interest in food, or appear generally uncomfortable.
  • Vomiting: Occasionally, severe constipation can lead to vomiting, a sign that it’s time to see your vet immediately.
  • Weight loss: If constipation persists, your dog may lose weight due to decreased appetite.

If you notice any of these symptoms, please contact your veterinarian for further advice.

How do veterinarians treat constipation in dogs?

Treatment for dog constipation varies based on its severity and underlying cause. Our goal is to identify and address the root cause whenever possible.

If we believe that dehydration is contributing to constipation, the first step is to rehydrate the dog. In severe cases, hospitalization with intravenous fluid therapy may be necessary to correct dehydration and metabolic issues. Additionally, to alleviate stress on the bowel wall, we must remove impacted feces.

In many cases, we will use enemas to remove the impacted feces. Enemas are often done without sedation and can provide immediate benefits.

Additionally, we also use oral laxatives to help improve the passage of stool. Oral laxatives are typically used only in animals that are well-hydrated. They work by reducing water absorption in the colon, which can potentially lead to dehydration. Examples include lactulose, Miralax®, and bisacodyl. The correct dose needs to be used as too much can result in diarrhea.

It is important not to give your dog any over-the-counter laxatives without consulting with your veterinarian first.

How you can provide relief for your constipated dog

Adding fiber to your dog's diet can help with constipation, as long as their colon is working well. Before starting fiber supplements, make sure your dog is well-hydrated and the constipation is resolved. Insoluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, which helps move it through the colon.

Soluble fiber is broken down by gut bacteria and provides nutrients for the gut. These changes can improve your dog's digestion and improve constipation.

The options for fiber supplementation include:

  1. Psyllium: Psyllium is a type of soluble fiber that can be beneficial for dogs. The recommended dosage is 1-4 tablespoons per dog per meal, mixed with their food. Psyllium works by forming a gel-like substance in the colon, which acts as a natural lubricant and helps ease the passage of feces. A study found that 80% of owners reported that their dogs had an easier time defecating when supplemented with psyllium.
  2. Bran: Wheat bran is an insoluble fiber that adds bulk to the feces and aids in distending the colon. There is no established standard dosage for dogs. We recommend starting with 1-2 tablespoons per meal for small dogs, 2-3 tablespoons for medium-sized dogs, and 4-5 tablespoons for large dogs. This dose can be increased as needed to achieve formed but not dry feces.
  3. Canned pumpkin: Using canned pumpkin as a food additive is another choice, although it does not offer as much fiber as wheat bran or psyllium. It is important not to feed pumpkin pie filling, but actual canned pumpkin.
  4. Fiber-enriched diets: Royal Canin® Gastrointestinal High Fiber prescription diet is a dry food that can assist in managing constipation in dogs. It contains psyllium which is easily digested by gut bacteria. This promotes smooth muscle movement in the colon and helps maintain a healthy balance. Including both insoluble and soluble fibers in the diet can support overall colon health and regular bowel movements.

Another option you can try at home is using synbiotics which is a combination of pre and probiotics. Studies have shown synbiotics can have a mild laxative effect in dogs and therefore can be beneficial in the management of constipation in dogs.

As hydration is an important factor in constipation, make sure your dog has access to fresh water at all times. You can increase water consumption by offering canned food as it is high in moisture.

It is important to note that these strategies of fiber supplementation and synbiotics are better used when preventing dog constipation, rather than treating it. It is best to have your veterinarian treat the initial issue at hand, then proceed with management and prevention with fiber.

In conclusion, constipation in dogs is a condition that requires prompt attention to prevent discomfort and potential complications. Key signs to look for include infrequent bowel movements, strained defecation, hard stool, behavioral changes, vomiting, and weight loss. If you observe these signs, seek professional veterinary advice immediately. Treatment often involves rehydration, and removal of impacted feces through enemas or laxatives, under the guidance of your veterinarian. You can contribute to your pet’s gastrointestinal health by adding fiber to their diet, providing synbiotics, and ensuring adequate hydration.

Remember, always consult with your veterinarian before making any significant dietary changes. If you have any questions, please contact your veterinarian as they know your pet best.